Developing Applications With


Emmanuel CHAILLOUX - Pascal MANOURY - Bruno PAGANO

Preface

• Preface

Introduction

• Objectives
• Description of the language
  • Structure of a program
  • Safety and efficiency of execution
• Outline of the book

Chapter 1   How to obtain Objective CAML

• Free software
• Description of the CD-ROM
• Downloading
• Installation
  • Installation under Windows
  • Installation under Linux
  • Installation under MacOS
  • Installation from source under Unix
  • Installation of the HTML documentation
• Testing the installation

Part I
Language Core

• Presenting part I

Chapter 2   Functional programming

• Introduction
• Chapter outline
• Functional core of Objective CAML
  • Primitive values, functions, and types
  • Conditional control structure
  • Value declarations
  • Function expressions, functions
  • Polymorphism and type constraints
  • Examples
• Type declarations and pattern matching
  • Pattern matching
  • Type declaration
  • Records
  • Sum types
  • Recursive types
  • Parametrized types
  • Scope of declarations
  • Function types
  • Example: representing trees
  • Recursive values which are not functions
• Typing, domain of definition, and exceptions
  • Partial functions and exceptions
  • Definition of an exception
  • Raising an exception
  • Exception handling
• Polymorphism and return values of functions
• Desktop Calculator
• Exercises
  • Merging two lists
  • Lexical trees
  • Graph traversal
• Summary
• To learn more

Chapter 3   Imperative Programming

• Introduction
• Plan of the Chapter
• Modifiable Data Structures
  • Vectors
  • Character Strings
  • Mutable Fields of Records
  • References
  • Polymorphism and Modifiable Values
• Input-Output
  • Channels
  • Reading and Writing
  • Example: Higher/Lower
• Control Structures
  • Sequence
  • Loops
  • Example: Implementing a Stack
  • Example: Calculations on Matrices
• Order of Evaluation of Arguments
• Calculator With Memory
• Exercises
  • Doubly Linked Lists
  • Solving linear systems
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 4   Functional and Imperative Styles

• Introduction
• Plan of the Chapter
• Comparison between Functional and Imperative
  • The Functional Side
  • The Imperative Side
  • Recursive or Iterative
• Which Style to Choose?
  • Sequence or Composition of Functions
  • Shared or Copy Values
  • How to Choose your Style
• Mixing Styles
  • Closures and Side Effects
  • Physical Modifications and Exceptions
  • Modifiable Functional Data Structures
  • Lazy Modifiable Data Structures
• Streams of Data
  • Construction
  • Destruction and Matching of Streams
• Exercises
  • Binary Trees
  • Spelling Corrector
  • Set of Prime Numbers
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 5   The Graphics Interface

• Introduction
• Chapter overview
• Using the Graphics Module
• Basic notions
• Graphical display
  • Reference point and graphical context
  • Colors
  • Drawing and filling
  • Text
  • Bitmaps
  • Example: drawing of boxes with relief patterns
• Animation
• Events
  • Types and functions for events
  • Program skeleton
  • Example: telecran
• A Graphical Calculator
• Exercises
  • Polar coordinates
  • Bitmap editor
  • Earth worm
• Summary
• To learn more

Chapter 6   Applications

• Introduction
• Database queries
  • Data format
  • Reading a database from a file
  • General principles for database processing
  • Selection criteria
  • Processing and computation
  • An example
  • Further work
• BASIC interpreter
  • Abstract syntax
  • Program pretty printing
  • Lexing
  • Parsing
  • Evaluation
  • Finishing touches
  • Further work
• Minesweeper
  • The abstract mine field
  • Displaying the Minesweeper game
  • Interaction with the player
  • Exercises

Part II
Development Tools

• Presentation of part II

Chapter 7   Compilation and Portability

• Introduction
• Chapter Overview
• Steps of Compilation
  • The Objective CAML Compilers
  • Description of the Bytecode Compiler
• Compilation
  • Command Names
  • Compilation Unit
  • Naming Rules for File Extensions
  • The Bytecode Compiler
  • Native Compiler
  • Toplevel Loop
  • Construction of a New Interactive System
• Standalone Executables
• Portability and Efficiency
  • Standalone Files and Portability
  • Efficiency of Execution
• Exercises
  • Creation of a Toplevel and Standalone Executable
  • Comparison of Performance
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 8   Libraries

• Introduction
• Chapter Outline
• Categorization and Use of the Libraries
• Preloaded Library
• Standard Library
  • Utilities
  • Linear Data Structures
  • Input-output
  • Persistence
  • Interface with the System
• Other Libraries in the Distribution
  • Exact Math
  • Dynamic Loading of Code
• Exercises
  • Resolution of Linear Systems
  • Search for Prime Numbers
  • Displaying Bitmaps
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 9   Garbage Collection

• Introduction
• Chapter Overview
• Program Memory
• Allocation and Deallocation of Memory
  • Explicit Allocation
  • Explicit Reclamation
  • Implicit Reclamation
• Automatic Garbage Collection
  • Reference Counting
  • Sweep Algorithms
  • Mark&Sweep
  • Stop&Copy
  • Other Garbage Collectors
• Memory Management by Objective CAML
• Module Gc
• Module Weak
• Exercises
  • Following the evolution of the heap
  • Memory Allocation and Programming Styles
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 10   Program Analysis Tools

• Introduction
• Chapter Overview
• Dependency Analysis
• Debugging Tools
  • Trace
  • Debug
  • Execution Control
• Profiling
  • Compilation Commands
  • Program Execution
  • Presentation of the Results
• Exercises
  • Tracing Function Application
  • Performance Analysis
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 11   Tools for lexical analysis and parsing

• Introduction
• Chapter Structure
• Lexicon
  • Module Genlex
  • Use of Streams
  • Regular Expressions
  • The Str Library
  • The ocamllex Tool
• Syntax
  • Grammar
  • Production and Recognition
  • Top-down Parsing
  • Bottom-up Parsing
  • The ocamlyacc Tool
  • Contextual Grammars
• Basic Revisited
  • File basic_parser.mly
  • File basic_lexer.mll
  • Compiling, Linking
• Exercises
  • Filtering Comments Out
  • Evaluator
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 12   Interoperability with C

• Introduction
• Chapter outline
• Communication between C and Objective CAML
  • External declarations
  • Declaration of the C functions
  • Linking with C
  • Mixing input-output in C and in Objective CAML
• Exploring Objective CAML values from C
  • Classification of Objective CAML representations
  • Accessing immediate values
  • Representation of structured values
• Creating and modifying Objective CAML values from C
  • Modifying Objective CAML values
  • Allocating new blocks
  • Storing C data in the Objective CAML heap
  • Garbage collection and C parameters and local variables
  • Calling an Objective CAML closure from C
• Exception handling in C and in Objective CAML
  • Raising a predefined exception
  • Raising a user-defined exception
  • Catching an exception
• Main program in C
  • Linking Objective CAML code with C
• Exercises
  • Polymorphic Printing Function
  • Matrix Product
  • Counting Words: Main Program in C
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 13   Applications

• Introduction
• Constructing a Graphical Interface
  • Graphics Context, Events and Options
  • Components and Containers
  • Event Handling
  • Defining Components
  • Enriched Components
  • Setting up the Awi Library
  • Example: A Franc-Euro Converter
  • Where to go from here
• Finding Least Cost Paths
  • Graph Representions
  • Dijkstra's Algorithm
  • Introducing a Cache
  • A Graphical Interface
  • Creating a Standalone Application
  • Final Notes

Part III
Application Structure

• Presentation of Part III

Chapter 14   Programming with Modules

• Introduction
• Chapter Outline
• Modules as Compilation Units
  • Interface and Implementation
  • Relating Interfaces and Implementations
  • Separate Compilation
• The Module Language
  • Two Stack Modules
  • Modules and Information Hiding
  • Type Sharing between Modules
  • Extending Simple Modules
• Parameterized Modules
  • Functors and Code Reuse
  • Local Module Definitions
• Extended Example: Managing Bank Accounts
  • Organization of the Program
  • Signatures for the Module Parameters
  • The Parameterized Module for Managing Accounts
  • Implementing the Parameters
• Exercises
  • Association Lists
  • Parameterized Vectors
  • Lexical Trees
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 15   Object-Oriented Programming

• Introduction
• Chapter Plan
• Classes, Objects, and Methods
  • Object-Oriented Terminology
  • Class Declaration
  • Instance Creation
  • Sending a Message
• Relations between Classes
  • Aggregation
  • Inheritance Relation
• Other Object-oriented Features
  • References: self and super
  • Delayed Binding
  • Object Representation and Message Dispatch
  • Initialization
  • Private Methods
• Types and Genericity
  • Abstract Classes and Methods
  • Classes, Types, and Objects
  • Multiple Inheritance
  • Parameterized Classes
• Subtyping and Inclusion Polymorphism
  • Example
  • Subtyping is not Inheritance
  • Inclusion Polymorphism
  • Equality between Objects
• Functional Style
• Other Aspects of the Object Extension
  • Interfaces
  • Local Declarations in Classes
• Exercises
  • Stacks as Objects
  • Delayed Binding
  • Abstract Classes and an Expression Evaluator
  • The Game of Life and Objects.
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 16   Comparison of the Models of Organisation

• Introduction
• Plan of the Chapter
• Comparison of Modules and Objects
  • Translation of Modules into Classes
  • Simulation of Inheritance with Modules
  • Limitations of each Model
• Extending Components
  • In the Functional Model
  • In the Object Model
  • Extension of Data and Methods
• Mixed Organisations
• Exercises
  • Classes and Modules for Data Structures
  • Abstract Types
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 17   Applications

• Introduction
• Two Player Games
  • The Problem of Two Player Games
  • Minimax ab
  • Organization of a Game Program
  • Connect Four
  • Stonehenge
  • To Learn More
• Fancy Robots
  • ``Abstract'' Robots
  • Pure World
  • Textual Robots
  • Textual World
  • Graphical Robots
  • Graphical World
  • To Learn More

Part IV
Concurrency and distribution

• Presentation of Part IV

Chapter 18   Communication and Processes

• Introduction
• Chapter Overview
• The Unix Module
  • Error Handling
  • Portability of System Calls
• File Descriptors
  • File Manipulation
  • Input / Output on Files
• Processes
  • Executing a Program
  • Process Creation
  • Creation of Processes by Duplication
  • Order and Moment of Execution
  • Descendence, Death and Funerals of Processes
• Communication Between Processes
  • Communication Pipes
  • Communication Channels
  • Signals under Unix
• Exercises
  • Counting Words: the wc Command
  • Pipes for Spell Checking
  • Interactive Trace
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 19   Concurrent Programming

• Introduction
• Plan of the Chapter
• Concurrent Processes
  • Compilation with Threads
  • Module Thread
• Synchronization of Processes
  • Critical Section and Mutual Exclusion
  • Mutex Module
  • Waiting and Synchronization
  • Condition Module
• Synchronous Communication
  • Synchronization using Communication Events
  • Transmitted Values
  • Module Event
• Example: Post Office
  • The Components
  • Clients and Clerks
  • The System
• Exercises
  • The Philosophers Disentangled
  • More of the Post Office
  • Object Producers and Consumers
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 20   Distributed Programming

• Introduction
• Outline of the Chapter
• The Internet
  • The Unix Module and IP Addressing
• Sockets
  • Description and Creation
  • Addresses and Connections
• Client-server
  • Client-server Action Model
  • Client-server Programming
  • Code for the Server
  • Testing with telnet
  • The Client Code
  • Client-server Programming with Lightweight Processes
  • Multi-tier Client-server Programming
  • Some Remarks on the Client-server Programs
• Communication Protocols
  • Text Protocol
  • Protocols with Acknowledgement and Time Limits
  • Transmitting Values in their Internal Representation
  • Interoperating with Different Languages
• Exercises
  • Service: Clock
  • A Network Coffee Machine
• Summary
• To Learn More

Chapter 21   Applications

• Introduction
• Client-server Toolbox
  • Protocols
  • Communication
  • Server
  • Client
  • To Learn More
• The Robots of Dawn
  • World-Server
  • Observer-client
  • Robot-Client
  • To Learn More
• HTTP Servlets
  • HTTP and CGI Formats
  • HTML Servlet Interface
  • Dynamic Pages for Managing the Association Database
  • Analysis of Requests and Response
  • Main Entry Point and Application
  • To Learn More

Chapter 22   Developing applications with Objective CAML

• Introduction
• Elements of the evaluation
  • Language
  • Libraries and tools
  • Documentation
• Other development tools
  • Editing tools
  • Syntax extension
  • Interoperability with other languages
  • Graphical interfaces
  • Parallel programming and distribution
• Applications developed in Objective CAML
• Similar functional languages
  • ML family
  • Scheme
  • Languages with delayed evaluation
  • Communication languages
• Object-oriented languages: comparison with Java
  • Main characteristics
  • Differences with Objective CAML
• Future of Objective CAML development

Conclusion

• Texte

Part V
Appendices

Appendix A   Cyclic Types

• Introduction
• Cyclic types
• Option -rectypes

Appendix B   Objective CAML 3.04

• Introduction
• Language Extensions
  • Labels
  • Optional arguments
  • Labels and objects
  • Polymorphic variants
• LablTk Library
• OCamlBrowser

References

• Bibliography

Index

• Index of concepts

• Index of language elements

O'Reilly News

• Contacts

This document was translated from L^AT_EX by H^EV^EA and H^AC^HA.